Black hole information paradox
Stephen hawking Black Hole paradox of knowledge! Researchers working on the limits of the unknown, where a path into a void of uncertainty is created with any new piece of information. But nothing is more uncertain than a paradox, or possibly enlightening. Paradoxes often tried to destroy everything we know throughout history, and just as often, they have reshaped our view of the universe. Now, a few of the universe's greatest paradoxes threatens to unravel the realms of general relativity and quantum mechanics: the paradox of black hole knowledge.
We have to first define what is meant by "information." to comprehend this paradox. Typically, this same information we talk about is visible with the naked eye. With quantum knowledge, physicists are more concerned. This relates to the quantum properties, such as their location, velocity and spin, of all the particles that make up that apple. And in world, every object is composed of particles with specific quantum properties. In a critical rule of physics, this concept is most significantly evoked: the overall value of fundamental knowledge in the Universe must be preserved.
Even though you kill an entity without reach, it never permanently deletes its quantum information. And knowledge of that information would theoretically allow us to recreate the object from its particle components. Information conservation is not just an abstract law, but a requirement of mathematics on which much of modern science is based. But such foundations get shook around the black holes. It seems as if an apple leaves the universe when it reaches a black hole, and all its quantum information becomes irreversibly lost. It doesn't, however, crack the principles of science too easily. Knowledge is out of reach, it may still remain inside the dark vacuum of the dark matter.
Instead, some hypotheses say that data doesn't even make it inside the black hole at all. Shown from the outside, it is as if the quantum information of the apple is encoded on the black hole's surface layer, called the boundary layer. The layer of the event horizon is also rising as the mass of the black hole increases. And it's probable that when an object is swallowed by a black hole, it often grows large enough to retain the quantum knowledge of the entity. But if knowledge is held inside the black hole or on its surface, before you account for Hawking Radiation, the laws of science remain unchanged.
The above phenomenon, found by Stephen Hawking in 1974, shows that black holes are steadily evaporating. Black holes lose mass over extraordinarily long periods of time when they shed particles away from their event horizons. Objectively, the evaporating particles appear to be unrelated to the information encoded by the black hole, meaning that a black hole may be entirely removed and all the quantum information it holds. Does the quantum data really disappear? Where would it go, if not? Although it will take an extremely long time for the evaporation process, the problems it presents for physics are much more immediate. Data loss would require us to rewrite many of our most basic scientific concepts. But happily, every paradox is, in science, an opportunity for new discoveries. A wide variety of potential solutions to the Knowledge Paradox are being explored by researchers. Some have theorised that in the escaping radiation, information is secretly encrypted, in certain way we can't even recognize. The paradox has been proposed by others to be just a misunderstanding of how general relativity and quantum field theory relate. These two hypotheses, respectively, explain the biggest and shortest physical phenomenon, and they are extremely difficult to integrate.
Many scientists argue that a solution to this and many other paradoxes would naturally come with a "unified theory of everything." But the holographic principle is probably the most mind-bending concept to come from investigating this phenomenon. Expanding on the concept that an event horizon's 2D surface can store quantum information, this theory implies that a 2D surface encoded with information about actual, 3D objects is also the very boundary of the known universe. If this is true, as we know it, it's conceivable that truth is just a Small projection of that data. Once verified, all of these hypotheses, while still maintaining our existing models of the Universe, will open up new questions to explore. But it is likely that these models are also incorrect! The above paradox, any way, already has made us take a step in the uncertain.
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